Enduring nearly four centuries of Ottoman rule, the survival of the Greek language owes a debt of gratitude to the steadfast efforts of the Greek Orthodox Church. This venerable institution stood as a guardian and educator of the language during times of persecution, safeguarding Greek culture and faith.
The Greek Orthodox Church’s contribution to preserving and teaching the language proved invaluable during these challenging epochs. Historically, the Gospels were initially transcribed in Greek, specifically the variant known as Common Hellenistic. These manuscripts, then translated into various languages, facilitated the global dissemination of the Christian faith. Furthermore, Greek served as the linguistic cornerstone of the Byzantine Empire.
Following the fall of Constantinople in 1453, a period of turbulence engulfed the Hellenistic world. To uphold their historical identity and protect their cultural heritage, the Greek people turned to pivotal facets of national unity: religion, language, and tradition. The Church emerged as a multi-dimensional guardian of ancient Greek practices.
Despite the formidable obstacles presented by Ottoman conquerors, the Church managed to establish a Christian enclave with privileges granted by Sultan Mehmet II. This ecclesiastical state was pivotal in the physical and spiritual survival of Orthodoxy.
Bearing the weight of this responsibility, the Church’s decisions held significant sway over Greek affairs, often under the scrutiny of Ottoman rulers. During this era, Orthodoxy encompassed more than a religious doctrine; it constituted the essence of life itself, shaping national consciousness. As Greece grappled with enslavement, the Church stood as a spiritual haven, the sole stable social institution, and the cohesive web uniting Hellenism.
In these trying times, clandestine schools, colloquially known as “το κρυφό σχολειό” (the secret school), became the torchbearers of Greek language education, led by dedicated priests. Hymn books functioned as rudimentary textbooks, nurturing fluency among younger learners. The Gospels served as more advanced study material.
Significantly, the ancient methods persisted despite Ottoman rule, with the populace embracing Orthodox beliefs as a guiding light. This devotion fortified the Greek spirit, preserving linguistic and cultural heritage even as the official language remained Ottoman.
The collective efforts of these secret schools left an indelible mark. Despite limited educational infrastructure, their impact was profound, especially during the 16th century. As Ottoman restrictions eased by 1680, and Greek schools emerged, the foundations for the nation’s spiritual renaissance in the 18th century were laid.
This revival encompassed visionary educators, schools sprouting across Greece, notable literary achievements, and the return of Greek scholars educated in the West. Influential figures like Meletios Pigas, Maximos Margounios, and Cyril Loukaris, along with a burgeoning Greek middle class and the support of affluent merchants, propelled this renaissance.
Mount Athos, a prominent monastic centre, emerged as a bastion of Orthodoxy, transcending Greece’s borders, a legacy that endures today.
Notably, revered figures like St. Cosmas of Aetolia (Κοσμάς ο Αιτωλός) paid the ultimate price in preserving the Greek language. Amidst shifting tides of conversion to Islam, this relentless monk established church schools throughout Western and Northern Greece, staunchly safeguarding Greek heritage.
Cosmas’s resilience resonated deeply, attracting followers and enraging Ottoman authorities who accused him of being a Russian agent. Tragically, his conviction led to martyrdom in 1779.
The Greek Orthodox clergy’s dedication to preserving the language played a pivotal role in rekindling Greek patriotism, empowering them to defy rulers who held sway for nearly four centuries. In the hallowed Agia Lavra Monastery, under the auspices of Orthodox Metropolitan Palaion Patron Germanos, the War of Independence was declared on March 25, 1821. The indomitable spirit of the Greek language, sustained through the ages, remains an enduring testament to the Church’s steadfast commitment.”